Neuroscience Perspective - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1287 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Drug Abuse Essay Did you like this example? In this essay I will be discussing about the causes of drug abuse from seven perspectives of psychology. Drug abuse is the state of using drugs habitually. Drug abuse affects every community and life of individual itself and his/her family. According to a research (Dube, 2003) various reasons cause drug abuse, one of them is adverse childhood experiences. These types of experiences lead to the drug abuse problems, drug addiction etc. In this essay we will be discussing seven perspectives of psychology causing drug abuse. Causes of drug abuse from each of psychologys seven perspectives: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Neuroscience Perspective" essay for you Create order Neuroscience Evolutionary Behavioral genetics Psychodynamic Behavioral Cognitive Social-Cultural Neuroscience Perspective First of all, general theory in neuroscience approach of drug abuse is that drugs initiate the reward circuit in the brain and that reward circuit makes the person feel high and he/ she finds pleasure after intake of drugs (Kelley Berridge,2002). The parts of brain that are involved in reward circuit mechanism are amygdale and hippocampus. Various nerve impulses are released by reward circuit whose mechanisms are still unknown that gives the person feeling of immense pleasure after intake of the drugs. When a person intakes the drugs, inside his brain neurons are sent to the dorsal striatal and cortical areas by the ventral tegmentum(Winger et. al, 2005). These cortical areas are involved in the reward circuit mechanism. Drugs act as the prominent reinforces in reward circuit and it makes the individual feel pleasure in any situation. This feeling of pleasure leads to the drug abuse (Winger et. al, 2005). EvolutionaryPerspective Researchers have shown that the drug abuse is related to the evolutionary theory as from the medieval times for seek of pleasure and fun people used to take drugs. Darwin evolution theory suggest the survival of fittest and in case of drug abuse there are many cases in evolution where after taking drugs like cocaine leads to the survival of the human being. Evolutionary care also leads to the drug abuse. According to the evolutionary theory of Darwinian fitness, the drug abuse in the mammalian evolution (Saah, 2005) leads to the increased fitness but not happiness. Positive emotions were considered as a sign of fitness. In evolutionary development, nowadays drug abuse leads to the happiness not fitness. Person has very less reward efficiency and to seek the reward efficiency intake of drugs start. Than there comes difference between like and want and it leads to drug abuse. Behavioral Genetics Perspective Behavior genetics is the study of the genetic and the environmental influences on the behavior. A study was done to determine the genetic and environmental influences on the behavior of the adopted children and their parents who adopted them (Cadaret et.al, 1995). This study reveals that the genetic environment and many environmental interactions lead to the aggressive behavior of the subjects. To calm down their aggression they started using drugs and this leads to drug abuse. Some subjects started intake of drugs to get aggression and this all leads to the drug abuse. Drug abuse can be explained by two genetic pathways. First, if biologic parents are drug addicted than it will cause drug abuse. Secondly adverse events in home, anxiety disorders etc causes drug abuse (Cadaret et.al, 1995). Psychodynamic Perspective Freud proposed various psychodynamic theories which state that loss of anything or the person who or which was necessary for happiness in the life leads to the state of depression. The urge for seeking happiness leads to the intake of drugs which further becomes habit and thereby becomes drug abuse (Blatt et.al, 1984). The difference between the expected emotional life of the individual and the reality in which he/ she is living leads to the drug abuse. The feeling of shame, guilt, feeling of worthlessness leads to the depression and it leads to the drug abuse. People who are drug addict feel it difficult to handle the situations like anxiety, depression and this leads to more drug abuse. Drug abuse creates the feelings in the person that help him overcome the harsh feelings of cruelty, unacceptance and various psychotic disorders as drug abuse will keep his mind happy in every situation and this leads to more drug abuse. Behavioral Perspective Behavior plays an important role in drug abuse. Researchers have done various researches which show that journey from initiating intake of drugs to drug abuse is dependable on the behavior of the person. In a recent study showed that the drug abuse is related to the impulsive behavior of a person. Impulsive behavior and drug abuse are correlated (Perry Carroll, 2008). If the level of the impulsivity is increased than the drug abuse is increased and vice versa. Hence forth various behavioral aspects are influenced by drug abuse and various behavioral aspects lead to the drug abuse. Some studies were done on children and they concluded that various factors like child abuse, spouse abuse, violence against mother, living in a family where one of the family member is already a drug addict creates behavioral changes in a child and there are more chances that the child will become drug addict to overcome these things (Felitti et.al, 1998). Cognitive Perspective Cognitive perspective suggest that the drug abuse is related to ones belief (Field, 2006). The positive and negative motivation both works in it as urge for drugs comes from both beliefs. In positive motivation feeling of getting more pleasure leads to the drug addiction. In case of negative motivation feeling of un-wanted leads to the drug addiction. The major cognitive mechanism leading to drug abuse is attention seeking. Drugs affects neuro-physiologically and starts vanishing memory and this leads to attention seeking which leads again to the drug abuse. It depends on the belief of a person. If a person starts believing that drugs are giving him happiness and are providing him attention what he was seeking, the person will take drug again and again and will become a drug addict. Social-cultural Perspective The social and cultural background of the person leads to fate of his life. If the social environment of the person is not good like he is having a stressful life, family conditions are not good feeling of broken house for example leads to the intake of drugs thereby leading to the drug abuse. After initiation person to keep himself happy tries it again and again and this leads to the drug abuse. Cultural behavior of a person leads to the drug abuse as its in culture which a person lives grooms him. If a person is living in a culture where taking drugs is a common thing and is considered as the standard of living, he will definitely initiate the intake of the drugs which further leads to the drug abuse. The social and cultural life thus plays major role in building fate of human as it can create and destroy a person. Drug abuse can be caused due to social and cultural behavior of surroundings of a person. Conclusion So, in conclusion, there are many different psychological behaviors leading to drug abuse. These psychological perspectives work differently in every drug abuse case as human nature is different in every case. These psychological perspectives can be sometimes correlated and sometimes contradictory to each other as human nature is so vast to study. Various psychological studies have been helpful in determining the causes of drug abuse and how drug abuse works. It gives a good approach in the case of drug abuse but still more research needs to be done as human behavior is difficult to understand. The biological mechanisms of drug abuse are also there and are very reliable as they are not like human behavior that will change anytime. Thus, the psychological approach of drug abuse is more helpful.

The Collapse Of The United States - 1015 Words

Ask anyone about the 2007-09 recession in the United States, and they will be able to tell you they know what it was. The reason why there was such a Great Recession, the second to biggest following the Great Depression, was because of the market failure in 2006-07 due to the real estate and mortgage sectors. The lost of wealth in the real estate sector led to a cutback in consumer spending. After years of economic recovery, citizens and residents are coming back to the market. But even then, the market is only slowly growing, mainly because of fear of having another market failure. Looking back, there are many lessons we have learned from the collapse that we must apply to the present and future market, and every mistake allows room for benefits. The main lesson we have learned from the collapse is that it was caused because of subprime mortgages. The technological development in FICO scores, implemented in 1989, allowed people with bad credit scores to take out loans. Lenders use FICO scores to figure out who is a good or bad borrower. Since FICO scores do this, the interest rates that an individual receives is based on actual information and not assumptions, this decreases asymmetric assumption. Because of FICO scores, mortgages were then divided into three different groups of people due to FICO scores. Subprime mortgages were the ones that allowed people with bad credit take out mortgages. However, most of these mortgages had teaser rates. This meant that the firstShow MoreRelatedThe Collapse Of The United States1231 Words   |  5 Pagespeoples. As many people standing and dancing on the suspended walkways, a loud crack was heard and the walkaways collapse. This caused 114 peoples fatalities killed and left more than 200 injured. Furthermore, the collapse led to a millions of dollars in costs and majority of peoples were affected. The Texas university suggest that, this was the most devastating structural failure in United States. 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Multivitamin Free Essays

In my house I have two types of multivitamins on hand. I have Marvel’s, The Amazing Spider-man complete multiple Vitamin and Mineral Supplement with DHA. I also have Equate Woman’s One Daily with calcium, Iron, and Zinc multivitamin and Mineral Supplement. We will write a custom essay sample on Multivitamin or any similar topic only for you Order Now My son, although an adult, prefers the taste of a chewable, which is why I have Spider-man vitamins on hand for a 20 year old. The benefit of taking either of these vitamins every day is that no matter what you eat each day, since a daily diet usually varies, your body is guaranteed to receive at least the minimum amount of essential vitamins and minerals a body needs to perform at its best. Almost every person has a day where they didn’t eat breakfast, or maybe they skipped lunch, the vitamin, helps to replace what they missed in getting from the nutrients given to a body through food. For instance, I do not drink a lot of milk. Therefore, unless I am eating a larger amount of other dairy products to compensate, I need a vitamin that contains calcium to support my bone growth, structure, and to prevent osteoporosis since I am in my 40’s. While not having enough vitamins and minerals in your body can cause many health related problems, over taking them can also cause health problems. They fact is that most vitamins and minerals are absorbed into the body, and eating a healthy diet with only one supplement can keep a person healthy and balanced. However, most people do not eat a healthy diet, therefore the supplements can help keep them on track. One must keep in mind as well though that some people over use supplements thinking they are increasing their health when the reality is they may be causing the very problems they are trying to prevent. The textbook relates to a study showing that too much pyridoxine caused people to lose the ability to walk (Chapter 8: The Vitamins, n.d.), whereas not enough was thought to cause anxiety and depression. The text also explains how sailors did not get scurvy when they took vitamin C. Too much vitamin C causes stomach ailments. Based on the guidelines, in my home, vitamins are needed. We do not eat a proper healthy diet that would contain all the correct amounts of vitamins and minerals our bodies need to support good health. Taking a vitamin everyday, which we do, makes me feel a little bit better about the state of our health and daily diet. How to cite Multivitamin, Essay examples

Studies of animal behaviour free essay sample

How can studies of animal behaviour and reactions be applied to human psychology BY Mane_48 How can studies of animal behaviour and reactions be applied to human psychology. The study of animals may lead to a deeper understanding of human behaviour when it is not always possible to study humans directly, possibly because: 1 . There are moral and ethical reasons that restrict the type of research that can be performed using humans as subjects. In the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights it states in Article one All Human Beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Due to this a lot of tests run on animals are often unable to be performed on human being even though they are volunteers. 2. It is possible to give greater rewards and punishments with animals and use experimental techniques such as rearing in isolation. Again this is another issue that raises concerns with basic human rights as researchers intervene with issues of dignity and freedom to do certain things that humans are entitled to. We will write a custom essay sample on Studies of animal behaviour or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This also brings in a debate about cruelty to other human that is illegal. It is possible to strictly control an animals environment so that it is possible to ake sure that only one variable is being isolated and studied at one time. Being isolated from other people can be extremely harming to children if this should happen as this is how they learn by watching and mimicking the each other, so in turn it would have great and lasting effects on their developmental and language skills. For adults that become isolated that have already experienced social interaction they may seem to loose their ability to verbalize and socialize with others, these behaviours are often related to people that researchers call recluse. Animals generally take a much shorter period of time to reach full adult maturity thus allowing research into many generations in a short time. If a human being was used for these types of studies it would take a prolonged period of time where researchers generally need results quickly to publish their results. A major disadvantage of animal studies is that it is never certain that research into the causes ot animal behaviour is applicable to human behaviour I . tis otten tar too easy for researchers to summarise the findings from animal studies to human beings.